Christopher Columbus Hero or Tiran Free Essays

Christopher Columbus is loved as the champion of the new world; however numerous individuals have an alternate perspective on his achievements. Individuals banter on whether Columbus disclosures were self-credited or totally his discoveries. There are two totally different perspectives on Columbus, in one hand there is the Italian traveler who find the Americas and the New World; in the other hand there is the Columbus, who ought to have been censured for bringing subjection, infections, and demise to the indigenous occupants of the supposed new World. We will compose a custom exposition test on Christopher Columbus Hero or Tiran or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now Numerous Americans despite everything appreciate Christopher Columbus on the grounds that as his story is generally however and gone down he found America. It has been contended after some time that Christopher Columbus was not the legend that he is portrayed. All things considered, each youngster discovers that he was the one answerable for finding the Americas. From discovering that, individuals quickly think he was an incredible man and never analyze the subject any more profound. For the individuals who look further into the occasions that occurred, they end up are bewildered when they discover how barbarous he truly was. As years pass and new ages look for realities in history instead of a persona, we begin finding that occasionally history gets controlled covering realities and just uncovering bits of reality extolling a few characters since our commencement. As a youngster the data learned in schools about his life just portrayed Columbus as an extraordinary voyager and colonizer who found the New World. Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 †20 May 1506) was a pilot, colonizer, and wayfarer from the Republic of Genoa, in northwestern Italy, whose journeys over the Atlantic Ocean prompted general European attention to the American landmasses in the Western Hemisphere. † Christopher Columbus cruised toward the west across of the Atlantic scanning for a superior course to Asia yet got acclaimed by finding the Americas. In 1476 Columbus nearly p aid with his life in his first excursion to the Atlantic. Columbus was a piece of a business armada that was assaulted by French privateers as they cruised near the bank of Portugal. The boat Columbus was cruising on was decimated and he needed to discover his way to the Portuguese waterside. He chose to settle and over the span of the time he spent there he at long last got hitched. Columbus teamed up in two or three undertakings to Africa procuring information on the Atlantic Ocean as it streamed east and west from the Canary Islands. Columbus felt that the earth was fit as a fiddle of a circle and numerous contemporary specialists of that time couldn't help contradicting him. He set his sights into cruising west over the Atlantic accepting that it would be a speedier and more secure course to India and china. He formulated an arrangement and campaigned for cash and ships so as to begin his test journey. His arrangement was dismissed by the Portuguese and Italian when at last despite everything loaded with distrust the Spanish subsidized his endeavor. Columbus wasn’t the principal European to discover the Americas, Vikings had recently settled in North American for a short time, in Canada around the eleventh century. The politically right view is that Columbus didn't find America, since individuals had lived here for a great many years. † Christopher Columbus’s investigations and journeys nonetheless, legitimately affected on how individuals saw the world. His revelations prompted the presentation of the Americas to European colonization. It was an extraordinary time for the import and fare of creatures, plants and societies, yet in the other hand it carried war and passing to the indigenous individuals who didn't had any desire to be dominated. It likewise brought to the Americas the start of subjugation and new perishes and passing. While praising national occasion for an individual’s accomplishments, a country shows its thankfulness for that individual’s achievements. In the United States Columbus’s Day is a national occasion. In any case, as we cautiously analyze Columbus’ journeys and methods of foundation in the New World it should change the country’s assessments about the festival of that occasion. As I see Columbus campaigns through history, his appearance to the Americas was joined by death and annihilation. Columbus assumed the praise for finding the new world. In any case, as I would like to think, it is difficult to find something that has been there as of now, somewhere being possessed by individuals as of now. As Christopher Columbus broadcasted himself as the organizer of the New World, he didn't take considered any angles about the current human advancement possessing the land, the traditions and customs rehearsed in the nation for whatever length of time that they had been there. With just the idea of flourishing in his psyche, he acquainted servitude with make up for the non-presence guaranteed of a lot of gold he gave the Spanish Crown. Christopher Columbus can be contended to be both a saint or potentially a scoundrel. At the point when individuals consider Columbus most think about the saint that began the investigation of America, which proceeded to turn into the current we have now, however dependent on Columbus’ activities and interests all through his endeavors and time in America I trust him to be a scalawag that prompted the destruction of numerous civic establishments. Columbus was a requesting and ravenous man when it went to his advantages and the benefits of his endeavors. He was likewise difficult and uninformed, by constantly accepted that he had arrived at Asia, rather than the Americas until he kicked the bucket in 1506. From the first occasion when he met with Native Americans in 1492 until he passed on, Christopher Columbus exploited the positive outlook and neighborliness of the locals, and in the end lead them to termination. Columbus originally began his quest for a backer for his first endeavor westbound to Asia in around 1474. Columbus was steady when it came to finding a backer for his undertaking; he looked and sat tight for around 18 years before his arrangement was at long last discovered a supporter, in 1492. Columbus’ fundamental purposes behind his endeavors were so as to look for a westbound exchange course to Asia, spread Catholicism to the individuals of the west, find any new domain for Spain and obviously to help his own acclaim as a guide. Despite the fact that Columbus was fortunate to discover a patron for his campaign, Columbus assumed the persona of being extremely requesting, by setting further expectations that would build his very own benefit through this excursion, such as requesting one tenth of anything important found in the new terrains, being made chief of naval operations of the Ocean Sea, just as being named legislative head of all new land found. Columbus was likewise an egocentric individual, which the vast majority of his requests appear. The vast majority of Columbus’ requests had to do with a position of authority, however shows his absence of administration aptitudes when setting up a few provinces and every one of them being annihilated under his administering. Columbus left for his first journey on August third, 1492, with three ships (the Ni a, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria). October twelfth, 1492 Columbus’ team previously spotted land, regardless of whether due to Columbus’ absence of information or his deceptive conviction that Asia was not to the extent it was at that point accepted to be, Columbus was persuaded this new land was Asia, however was really a little island in the focal Bahaman Islands. Originating from Europe Columbus accepted â€Å"that Christians reserved the privilege to govern lands possessed by non-Christians so with no respect for the occupants (Indios/Taino) of what Columbus called San Salvador (Holy Savior), Columbus guaranteed it for Spain and Christianity. Columbus and his mariners were welcomed benevolently and were indicated extraordinary liberality by the Taino. Rather than tolerating their liberality and returning it Columbus just considered it to be an indication of shortcoming, which would assist him with his very own benefit. He imagined that as a result of their liberality they would be anything but difficult to both proselyte to Catholicism and be won. Columbus proceeded with his quest for gold by venturing out from island to island, guaranteeing them for Spain, again with no thought for their locals. The primary Spain settlement set up by Columbus was on Hispaniola named La Navidad (the nativity). Here the Spanish were showered with gold by the locals of Hispaniola, which persuaded the Spanish to remain. In January 1493 Columbus came back to Spain, however in spite of their liberality Columbus took two dozen Taino (Arawaks) prisoners, without wanting to, back to Spain. The serious annal of the occasions that finished in the massacre of the serene Arawaks of the Caribbean islands is sufficiently reported in Columbus’ own letters and diaries and in the pages of his most vigorous admirer, Father Bartolome de Las Casas, the extraordinary contemporary student of history of the West Indies who trusted Columbus had been supernaturally enlivened to make the Discovery. † Upon his arrival Columbus found the settlement pulverized, so Columbus proceeded to construct another settlement, considerably after the conspicuous disappointment of the main settlement. By and by Columbus left the settlement so as to look for progressively gold around the Caribbean. While away the homesteader kept on constraining the Taino to give food and gold, which in the long run prompted a revolt from the Tanio, in light of his absence of authority Columbus was supplanted as emissary. Before this Columbus permitted the pilgrim to control Indian work, voluntarily against the desires of Queen Isabelle, which would in the end lead to the encomienda framework that would assume a significant job when it went to the obliteration of the Native American clans. During his four campaigns Columbus interacted with a few Native American clans his initially being the Taino. Columbus was exceptionally astounded by the extraordinary liberality of these individuals, since Europe accepted such a great amount in their egotistical way of life and feudalistic ways that such a conduct was n

Smaller Representation, Yet Strong Family & Kinship Ties Essay

Littler Representation, Yet Strong Family and Kinship Ties - Essay Example This is conceivable because of a more distant family that encourages each other by aiding family unit errands, youngster raising, transportation and down to earth guidance. We presently attempt to stretch out the central contention to an alternate stream of society: Asian Americans, Pacific Highlanders, Native Americans and workers. On account of Asian Americans, we would anticipate that the example should be comparable for all the factors in the review, for example, â€Å"Live with kin†, â€Å"Live close kin†, â€Å"Financial Support† and â€Å"Emotional Support†. On account of Financial and Emotional Support, we would anticipate that Asian Americans should be at standard with white Americans. To help our case, we take a gander at past research that features an occurrence of the intently weave Punjabi (a region in India) people group where the kids complied with older folks desires as far as marriage, youngster raising and backing to family (Foner, 1997). She proceeds to clarify the accentuation on training in India. Along these lines we can expect that other Asian nations, for example, China and Indonesia would be enthused about focusing on a more elevated level of instructive capabilities. Broadening the contention, we can say that more elevated levels of scholastic capabilities would thusly prompt a superior way of life. Subsequently, notwithstanding being minorities, we would anticipate that Asian Americans should win generously higher livelihoods than their Black or Latino/a partners. Foner (1997) likewise follows examples of family ties among Asian Americans and states that they will in general underline elevated levels of conformance, collaboration and acknowledgment to family standards and customs. This encourages us gather that Asian Americans are likewise prone to

Saltpeter or Potassium Nitrate Facts

Saltpeter or Potassium Nitrate Facts Saltpeter is a typical concoction, utilized for some items and science ventures. Heres a gander at what precisely saltpeter is. Saltpeter is the regular mineral wellspring of the concoction potassium nitrate, KNO3. Contingent upon where you live, it might be spelled saltpetreâ rather than saltpeter. Prior to efficient naming of synthetic substances, saltpeter was called nitrate of potash. It has additionally been called Chinese salt or Chinese day off. Notwithstanding KNO3, the mixes sodium nitrate (NaNO3), calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), and magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO3)2) are likewise in some cases alluded to as saltpeter. Unadulterated saltpeter or potassium nitrate is a white crystalline strong, generally experienced as a powder. Most potassium nitrate is delivered utilizing a concoction response of nitric corrosive and potassium salts, yet bat guano was a significant verifiable common source. Potassium nitrate was disconnected from guano by absorbing it water, separating it, and gathering the unadulterated precious stones that develop. It might be created along these lines from pee or compost. Employments of Saltpeter Saltpeter is a typical nourishment additive and added substance, manure, and oxidizer for firecrackers and rockets. It is one of the central fixings in black powder. Potassium nitrate is utilized to treat asthma and in topical details for touchy teeth. It was previously a mainstream medicine for bringing down circulatory strain. Saltpeter is a segment of dense vaporized fire concealment frameworks, salt scaffolds in electrochemistry, heat treatment of metals, and for warm capacity in power generators. Saltpeter and Male Libido Its a prevalent misconception that saltpeter restrains male moxie. Gossipy tidbits flourish that saltpeter has been added to nourishment in jail and army bases to control sexual want, yet there is no proof to help this has been done or would even work. Saltpeter and different nitrates have a long history of clinical use, yet it is poisonous in high portions and can deliver indications going from a mellow cerebral pain and annoyed stomach to kidney harm and perilously modified weight. Sources: LeConte, Joseph (1862). Guidelines for the Manufacture of Saltpeter. Columbia, S.C.: South Carolina Military Department. p. 14. Recovered 4/9/2013. UK Food Standards Agency: Current EU endorsed added substances and their E Numbers. Recovered 3/9/2012. US Food and Drug Administration: Food Additives and Ingredients. Recovered 3/9/2013. Snopes.com: The Saltpeter Principle. Recovered 3/9/2013.

Parkway Group Gospital Case Study - 275 Words

Parkway Group Gospital (Case Study Sample) Content: PARKWAY GROUP HOSPITALSName:Professor:Course:Date:PARKWAY GROUP HOSPITALSThis paper tackles some questions concerning Parkway Group Hospitals that is headquartered in Singapore. * With many hospitals in Asia competing in the medical tourism market, how can parkway position itself in order to attract more patients?There is need to expand its reach and maintain the excellent quality of its medical establishments. The group should ensure they provide excellent customer services for instance; customer address and honesty and a one-stop services for international patients looking for specialist, expertise personalized care and cutting edge technology. They should provide advice on estimated costs of treatment and procedures. It should participate in creating more awareness about itself via advertisements on different media such as Facebook groups, television, and radio. They should advance the accommodation sector whereby they invite specialists to purchase or rent rooms o n its premises. It should apply different set of service standards at different hospitals to enable patient access to hospital services at any of its branches. * Parkway hospitals do not employ many doctors but depend on the use of the hospital services by private specialist. What are the risks in this approach?Unre...

Mexico and United States Foreign Policy Relations

Mexico was originally the site of various Amerindian civilizations such as the Mayas and the Aztecs. The country was later invaded by Spain in 1519 which led to a prolonged colonial period that would last until the 19th century when the country finally gained its independence at the end of the war of independence. Mexican-American War The conflict was sparked when the U.S. annexed Texas and the Mexican government refused to recognize the secession of Texas which was the precursor to the annexation. The war, which began in 1846 and lasted for 2 years, was settled via the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which led to Mexico giving up even more of its land to the US, including California. Mexico further transferred some of its territories (southern Arizona and New Mexico) to the U.S. via the Gadsden Purchase in 1854. 1910 Revolution Lasting for 7 years, the 1910 revolution ended the rule of the dictator president Porfirio Diaz. The war was sparked when the U.S.-supported Diaz was proclaimed the winner of the 1910 elections despite mass popular support for his rival in the election Francisco Madero. After the war, the various groups that made up the revolutionary forces splintered as they lost the unifying goal of unseating Diaz - leading to a civil war. The U.S. intervened in the conflict including the involvement of the U.S. ambassador in the plotting of the 1913 coup dà ©tat which overthrew Madero. Immigration A major issue of contention between both countries is that of immigration from Mexico to the U.S. The September 11th attacks increased the fear of terrorists crossing over from Mexico leading to a tightening of immigration restrictions including a U.S. Senate bill, heavily criticized in Mexico, supporting the construction of a fence along the Mexican-American border. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) NAFTA led to the elimination of tariffs and other trade barriers between Mexico and the U.S. and serves as a multilateral platform for cooperation between both countries. The agreement increased trade volume and cooperation in both countries. NAFTA has come under attack from Mexican and American farmers and the political left claiming that it hurts the interest of local small farmers in both the U.S. and Mexico. Balance In Latin American politics, Mexico has acted as a counterweight to the policies of the new populist left characterized by Venezuela and Bolivia. This led to charges from some in Latin America that Mexico is blindly following U.S. commands. The biggest disagreements between the left and current Mexican leadership is whether to enlarge American-led trade regimes, which has been Mexicos traditional approach, versus a more regional approach favoring Latin American cooperation and empowerment.

Essay about HN205 Unit 6 - 1613 Words

Unit 6 Assignment Case Analysis This week, you are going to complete an Assignment in which you analyze two case studies. You will read each case and answer the questions included using the information you have gained from this course so far. Your answer should include an analysis of client strengths, possible interventions, and a reflection on the possible ethical issues and cultural influences as they might impact the case. The information below includes the case details as well as the analysis questions. Use this document to complete your Assignment. Your Assignment must be your original work; plagiarism will not be tolerated. Be sure to review the syllabus in terms of what constitutes plagiarism. Case Study 1: Romeo†¦show more content†¦Let’s take a look at some and see which one apply to your situation. Romeo: Thank, I would like that. What goals would you want to work the client on based on the information available? Explain why you chose those goals and how you think they will help meet the clients needs. Tip: remember that goals are different from case tasks and referrals you might make to benefit the client and their situation. Goals I would work on with Romeo is staying positive, staying away from negative people and negative situations. Take responsibility for your own actions. I would also let him know that I am there for him that he is not alone. I would find shelter for him away from gang and reconnect him with his Aunt. The above goals will help him in life and are what he needs most. It will be good for him to reconnect with his Aunt. Romeo is feeling lonely, he needs family support. Case Study 2: Gladys Gladys is a 25-year-old Vietnamese stay-at-home mother who has been married for 7 years and has three children by her husband. They are all girls with the oldest being 6 years old followed by a 4-year old and now a 3-month old. Gladys reports that her husband always wanted a son. She states that he has always been an angry man but after the birth of their third daughter, his violent behavior has increased. Gladys states that most of his violence and aggression has been directed at her or the house all these years, but now she fears for herShow MoreRelatedEssay about Marcy Alvarez Unit 6 Assignment HN205725 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ Case Analysis Marcy E. Alvarez Kaplan University Case Study 1: Romeo What are the client’s strengths and how can you apply these strengths to appropriate interventions? Romeo’s strengths include the capability to open up to me about his attempted suicides, gang involvement, and drug use. Also, one other strength Romeo has, is that he has great aspiration to improve his life. Romeo is stepping outside of his barrier and speaking with me about the hardships in his life. Using

The Commentaries on the Law of Partnership - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about The Commentaries on the Law of Partnership. Answer: Introduction There are different forms of business structure which can be adopted by individuals for carrying on their business. Each of these is marked with their unique features which help in identifying these easily[1]. This report is concentrated upon analysing the case of Mr. and Mrs. Smith, particularly in context of their present business structure and the future business structure suitable to them, based on their requirements. Present Business Structure and its drawbacks The sole trader, as a business structure is such form where the business is operated and run by a single proprietor. This sole trader can hire people for carrying on the work, who work for him/her, but the business is solely run by such trader. Partnership is another major form of business structure in Australia where the business is run by two or more people. The business is run for common purpose and the profits of the partnership firm are shared equally[2]. On partnerships in Victoria, the Partnership Act, 1958[3] is applicable. The definition of partnership is given in section 5 of this act, where the partnership is defined as the relationship present between different people, were the business is carried with the view of earning profits and in common manner[4]. Thus, even when unknowingly, two or more people come together to run a common business and share profits, a partnership would be formed, as the partnership deed is not a compulsory document. As a result of partnership, th e partners can be held liable for the acts of other partners. A contract made by one partner is deemed as a contract of all partners[5]. Also, per se section 10 of this act the partners have to bear the liability of acts undertaken by the partnership firm as the partners have the intention of running the business commonly[6]. In the present instance, a sole trader form of business structure was being operated by Mrs. Smith till six months back. Upon Mr. Smith joining the business with his wife, the business was transformed from sole trader to a partnership. This is because Mr. Smith was working with his wife, which shows the business was being run in a common manner by the two. As a partnership deed is not a compulsion, by their coming together, running the business, and sharing profits, a partnership had been created. It is not compulsory in a partnership that all the partners are named in the contracts of the partnership and a contract in name of one partner binds all the partners. This means that the naming of Mrs. Smith in the contracts of the business would not mean that a sole trader business structure was present due to the presence of different features of partnership. Due to these reasons, it can be clearly stated that Mr. and Mrs. Smith were running their business in a partnership business struc ture. As a result of running a partnership form of business structure, Mr. and Mrs. Smith face a range of risks associated with this form of business structure. The first and foremost risk which makes this form unattractive is unlimited liability of the partners. As a result of this unlimited liability, the partners are made liable for the debts of the partnership firm where the firm is not able to pay off its debts, particularly in cases of its dissolution[7]. The liability of partners in such cases reaches their personal assets, which can be attached or sold off to pay the debts of partnership. The next risk which comes in this form of business structure is the joint and several liabilities of all the partners for the acts undertaken by a single partner. The reason for this the operation of agency law as a result of which the partners are held as agents of each other and have to face consequences of acts undertaken by the other. The next risk is the possibility of breaching the law of di fferent jurisdiction as each state and territory in Australia has a separate partnership act, and keeping track of this can prove cumbersome. Lastly, a disagreement between partners can result in the end of partnership[8]. Business structure for future Another substantial form of business structure which is more than often adopted by people transforming their business from partnership or form sole trader is company. The companies in the nation are governed by the Corporation Act, 2001[9]. As this is the act of commonwealth, in every state and territory of the nation, this act applies uniformly. Again, as compared to the partnership form of business structure, the shareholders of the company are not faced with unlimited liability. In other words, the shareholders have limited liability due to which in cases of the company being wound up, the shareholders can only be made liable for the sum of unpaid amount on their shares. There is also an ease in transferring the ownership in company, in comparison to partnership, as this can be done by selling the shares to another person. The company form of business structure also has the benefit of its ability to raise funds from the public. However, this comes with limitations based on the typ e of company. When it comes to public company, funds can be raised from general public; but in case of proprietary company, funds can be raised only from the known people, which include friends and family[10]. In the present instance, Mr. and Mrs. Smith should opt for company as a business structure for their future due to the different advantages posted above. This would particularly enable them to gather funds from various places, on the basis of the type of company chosen by them. The company form of structure would safeguard the personal assets of the people running the business. The talent pool can be easily hired raising the skill of the company. Again, due to the commonwealth act being applicable, the variations in law based on different jurisdiction would not have to be worried about. In the present instance, Mr. and Mrs. Smith can benefit by opting for company form of business structure as this would allow them to transfer their ownership to their sons by selling their shares to their sons. They can also continue running the business by simply selling off part of their shares to their sons. However, in doing so, they need to be made aware of the different drawbacks of company form of business structure. These include high costs of running and establishment. There is also high complexity in this form which makes it difficult to run in comparison to partnership. The affairs of this form are open to public, which would make it difficult to keep it as a family business[11]. Conclusion and recommendation Thus, on the basis of the discussion carried on above, it becomes clear that Mr. and Mrs. Smith were running a partnership form of business structure. As a future recourse, they should opt for a company form of business structure as this will serve dual purpose. This would help them in expanding their business and raising funds from public as and when needed; and would also help in including their sons in the business or leaving the business to them, to be run in an equal manner. This would also enable to steer clear of the different demerits of partnership form, particularly in context of unlimited liability and the hassle caused due to applicability of different laws in different jurisdictions of the nation. To keep the business private, they should opt for a proprietor company business structure. Bibliography Cassidy J, Concise Corporations Law (The Federation Press, 5th ed, 2006) Gibson A, and Fraser D, Business Law (Pearson Higher Education AU, 2013) Latimer P, Australian Business Law 2012 (CCH Australia Limited, 31st ed, 2012) Story J, Commentaries on the Law of Partnership, as a Branch of Commercial and Maritime Jurisprudence, with Occasional Illustrations from the Civil and Foreign Law (The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2007) Vickery R, and Flood M, Australian business law: compliance and practice (Pearson Australia, 2012) Wagen LVD, and Goonetilleke A, Hospitality Management, Strategy and Operations (Pearson Higher Education AU, 3rd ed, 2015) Legislation Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) Partnership Act, 1958 (Vic) [1] Andy Gibson and Douglas Fraser, Business Law (Pearson Higher Education AU, 2013) [2] Lynn Van der Wagen and Anne Goonetilleke, Hospitality Management, Strategy and Operations (Pearson Higher Education AU, 3rd ed, 2015) [3] Partnership Act, 1958 (Vic) [4] Partnership Act 1958, s5 [5] Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Law of Partnership, as a Branch of Commercial and Maritime Jurisprudence, with Occasional Illustrations from the Civil and Foreign Law (The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2007) [6] Partnership Act 1958, s10 [7] Roger Vickery and MaryAnne Flood, Australian business law: compliance and practice (Pearson Australia, 2012) [8] Paul Latimer, Australian Business Law 2012 (CCH Australia Limited, 31st ed, 2012) [9] Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) [10] Julie Cassidy, Concise Corporations Law (The Federation Press, 5th ed, 2006) [11] Ibid

The Iron Curtain Essay Example

The Iron Curtain Paper Attention Getter â€Å"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet Sphere†Ã¢â‚¬â€Winston Churchill, â€Å"The Sinews of Peace†. Winston Churchill’s Sinews of Peace Address, also called the Iron Curtain Speech, was provocative and very informative. His ideas were presented based on the events that shaped the world history and transformed nations into war victims trembling in the dark shadows of the World War II. To that, he called for unity among the nations; â€Å"the iron curtain† that divides Europe into the self-governing nations of the West and the Russian-led nations of the East. He called for unity among the United States and the British Commonwealth, the English-speaking Commonwealth, to elucidate the assurance of security. He called for â€Å"permanent prevention of war and the establishment of conditions of freedom and democracy as rapidly as possible in all countries† (Churchill, 1946). He was a hero for the many who had his side, the ones who supported the idea of Anglo-Saxon global domination (Harbutt, 1988). II. Audience/Ceremony The Academic Audience Winston Churchill presented the Sinews of Peace Address (Iron Curtain Speech) at Westminster College. He was introduced by President Harry S. Truman of the United States to a crowd of 40,000. In addition to the honorary award he was given, he delivered the Sinews of Peace Address, which undoubtedly was one of the most famous postwar speeches he made. B. The Iron Curtain The iron curtain is a boundary between the Eastern and Western Europe. Churchill made mention of the cities lying in this boundary. The cities were: Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia. The phrase â€Å"iron curtain† was popularly recognized after his delivery of the speech. The British Empire and Commonwealth and the United States The intended audiences of Churchill’s â€Å"Iron Curtain Speech† were the populations of English-speaking Commonwealth and the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on The Iron Curtain specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Iron Curtain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Iron Curtain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He wanted them to hear his ideas about a world supergovernment that will provide peace and order to all. The speech also changed the classical view of the Western countries about the Soviet Communist rule of the East as well as the Germans’ and Japanese’s participation during the World War. He was an icon of the Anglo-Saxon precipatetes. D. Secondary audiences The Sinews of Peace address stimulated the audiences because of its relevance to the existing economic, political, social, and global security issues not just of the countries he mentioned but also the threat the Soviet Communist might bring in the future. It enjoyed wide circulation across the American continent and the Atlantic. To Harbutt (1988), the speech was one of the reasons that

Free Essays on Why Lucky Jim Turned Roght-Obituary of Kingsley Amis

When Kingsley Amis died last year at the age of 73, the general verdict was that he had been the greatest comic novelist of his generation. After making his mark with Lucky Jim (1954) he never looked back, as one comic novel after the other flowed from his pen. Such was the continued acclaim for his work that in 1986 he won the Booker prize for The Old Devils. As a contributor to The Spectator put it, 'He was above all quick-minded, verbally agile, terribly funny, a vigorous persecutor of bores, pseuds and wankers and a most tremendous mimic.'1 Yet many have wondered just how funny and critical Amis, particularly the Amis of the later novels, really was. After all Amis became notoriously hostile to progressive causes and a political supporter of Margaret Thatcher. He was rewarded with a CBE in 1981 and knighted in 1990. Far from being a vigorous persecutor he seemed to have joined the ranks of bores, pseuds and wankers. The heroes of his novels appeared more and more to be the mouthpiece for Amis's pet hates, uttering a never ending stream of extremely unfunny and narrow- (rather than quick-) minded attacks on gays, nuclear disarmers, women's libbers, and so on. What, it might be said, is the point of reading these novels when a visit to the local pub and an interview with the bar bore would yield the same reactionary rant? Perhaps, though, this is too simplistic a dismissal, one which stems from confusing creator and character. Shouldn't we instead put aside what we know about Amis's personal opinions and value the novels for holding up a mirror to the unpleasant realities of our society? This is the view of the liberal minded literary critic Malcolm Bradbury: In later works, like Jake's Thing (1978) and Stanley and the Women (1984), he examined the growing gender conflicts between men and women and their impact on the family and on male psychology. And his prize-winning The Old Devils (1986) showed his cantankerously mortal se... Free Essays on Why Lucky Jim Turned Roght-Obituary of Kingsley Amis Free Essays on Why Lucky Jim Turned Roght-Obituary of Kingsley Amis When Kingsley Amis died last year at the age of 73, the general verdict was that he had been the greatest comic novelist of his generation. After making his mark with Lucky Jim (1954) he never looked back, as one comic novel after the other flowed from his pen. Such was the continued acclaim for his work that in 1986 he won the Booker prize for The Old Devils. As a contributor to The Spectator put it, 'He was above all quick-minded, verbally agile, terribly funny, a vigorous persecutor of bores, pseuds and wankers and a most tremendous mimic.'1 Yet many have wondered just how funny and critical Amis, particularly the Amis of the later novels, really was. After all Amis became notoriously hostile to progressive causes and a political supporter of Margaret Thatcher. He was rewarded with a CBE in 1981 and knighted in 1990. Far from being a vigorous persecutor he seemed to have joined the ranks of bores, pseuds and wankers. The heroes of his novels appeared more and more to be the mouthpiece for Amis's pet hates, uttering a never ending stream of extremely unfunny and narrow- (rather than quick-) minded attacks on gays, nuclear disarmers, women's libbers, and so on. What, it might be said, is the point of reading these novels when a visit to the local pub and an interview with the bar bore would yield the same reactionary rant? Perhaps, though, this is too simplistic a dismissal, one which stems from confusing creator and character. Shouldn't we instead put aside what we know about Amis's personal opinions and value the novels for holding up a mirror to the unpleasant realities of our society? This is the view of the liberal minded literary critic Malcolm Bradbury: In later works, like Jake's Thing (1978) and Stanley and the Women (1984), he examined the growing gender conflicts between men and women and their impact on the family and on male psychology. And his prize-winning The Old Devils (1986) showed his cantankerously mortal se...

Marketing case analaysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing case analaysis - Essay Example Some of this increase can be funded by savings in expenses on seminars and face-to-face promotion, but the future potential of the strategy recommendation justifies even a decline by about 2 percentage points of profitability to about 15%. 1. The outsourcing movement shows that all organizations in mature economies are under pressures to control costs. Governments in countries which are members of the World Trade Organization cannot protect their domestic work forces against this transfer of jobs to low labor cost markets. This also creates opportunities for new systems in start-up companies in emerging countries, anxious to exploit the outsourcing opportunity. 2. Stock market regulators are under political pressure to ensure corporate governance for minority share holder protection. Small and medium enterprises which want to approach the markets for capital need to conform to stringent requirements, especially in the United States. 1. The global demand for software engineers and services exceeds supply. Hence, recruitment and retention of key human resources are critical issues for Information Technology companies. Qualified people have high expectations, not just in remuneration terms, but with respect to professional challenges. Overall, the external environment is favorable for companies such as Signifo to improve on their past growth rates and profitability. However, new products and services will be required, and companies with narrow geographical spread could be swamped. Significant players in the markets of tomorrow must be flexible, responsive, and global, to remain in business as independent entities. Signifo is a niche company with a well-defined brand, but with an insignificant share of just about 1% of the world market in which it participates. It caters mainly to small and medium companies in its home

Testicular self-examination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Testicular self-examination - Essay Example icular self-examination to men within that age bracket is important because it has been proven that men rarely seek medical advice unless they have serious symptoms and this contributes to the high morbidity and mortality of men due to cancer, as compared to women (American Nurses Association, 2010). Interventions are, therefore, necessary to reduce the current trend of mortality associated with testicular cancer in males. They should however be aimed at behavior change as opposed to information insemination since previous interventions have shown that although men may be educated on how to perform the testicular self-examination, just a few of them actually do it. Availing information on testicular cancer and testicular self-examination can have a positive effect on health promoting behaviors in men. This can be done through education using posters and other media such as videos and pamphlets put in strategic places such as in changing rooms and washrooms. Demonstrations using models peer-training and during health check-ups by a physician are other ways in which this information can be availed to the men. In conclusion, it is important that men check their testicles regularly since this can help detect testicular cancer in its early stages and increase chances of recovery (Benjamins, 2010). Testicular self-examination can help to reduce the incidence of testicular

Accrual Accounting in Public Sector Essay Example for Free

Accrual Accounting in Public Sector Essay In the present age, accounting seems to be an indispensable tool for modern business activities. However, not only for the profit orientated commercial business, it also plays an important role in the non-profit profit organizations, such as public sectors. Moreover, due to several deficiencies and drawbacks of government accounting and financial-management systems, such as unclear accountability, poorly maintained assets and hided losses and long-term liabilities, reforms in the public sector have been conducted over the last several decades across the word from New Zealand, Australia to England (Ball and et al, 1999). Accounting innovation by implementing accrual accounting in the public sector is one of the major part of the reforms and an important element of the wider concept of the so called New Public Management, and draws much of public concern and debate (Connolly and Hyndman, 2006). Under this background, this essay is going to discuss the implications arising from the process of implementing and actual using of accrual accounting in the public sector in several aspects, and try to put forward some possible solutions. See more:  Perseverance essay Generally, two main accounting methods are use to determine when and how to record income and expenses in the books, namely, cash accounting and accrual accounting. The major difference between these two is the timing of when the transactions are recorded in the account (Tudor and Mutiu, 2006). To be specific, under the cash accounting method, income and payment are not counted until cash is actually received or made; while under the accrual accounting basis, transactions are recorded as soon as they incurred, regardless whether the cash is received or made. Comparing to cash accounting, accruals accounting place more emphasis on how the capital assets used and recorded (Connolly and Hyndman, 2006). More reliable figures of performance based on revenues earned and resources consumed will be achieved through accruals accounting. Owning to this, it is believed that accruals accounting will contribute to better longer-term perspective of governmental policies, resource management and decision making (Ball and et al, 1999); and both internal and external transparency may be enhanced. Moreover, it is also considered that comparability between different government departments will be improved, even between the pre and post privatization (Wynne, 2004 and FEE, 2006). Although several potential advantages are suggested that will be brought by implementing accrual accounting in the public sector, it is still under debate that whether it is really appropriate to use accrual accounting system, which is initially devised for private sector, in the public sector (CESifo, 2007). In the private sector, commonly, accounting tends to be seen as a neutral technology to record past activities and provide financial and other necessary information to operate the business more efficiently and profitable. However, due to the difference in the nature and role of the public sector, this description seems not appropriate. For example, the primary purpose of public sector accounting is not serving to generate more profit but controlling people’s behavior to protect public money (Ellwood and Newberry, 2007), and the ultimate users are electorate instead of stakeholders (CESifo, 2007). Due to the fundamental mismatch of the objects, potential inadaptable problems may emerge during utilization (Carlin, 2005). As for the incurred cost of implementation and operation of an accrual accounting, in the North Ireland (NI) case study conducted by Connolly and Hyndman (2006), almost all the â€Å"overseers† and â€Å"Operational Accountants† believed that the views of cost neutral of the transition process, which came up by the UK HM Treasury, are not conform to the reality. Besides that, another case study based on UK and Republic of Ireland (RoI) , the result also revealed that all the interviewees questioned the value of the changes whether can justify the substantial cost (Connolly and Hyndman, 2010). Usually, the additional introducing cost will occur mainly in four aspects, identifying and valuing existing assets, developing accounting policies, establishing accounting systems (such as computer systems), hiring or providing training for both the preparers and users of financial information; and some of those cost will persist (Wynne, 2004). The amount of the cost is significant, for example, according to the New Zealand Audit Office, there is about NZ$160-180 million expenditure accrued by the financial-management reform during 1987 to 1992 (Ball and et al, 1999). Upon the previous experience and data, special resource should be added to the budget separately to ensure that the normal department services will not be impacted by the implementation of accrual accounting. The actual cost associated with process can also be reckoned more easily by doing this. Through comparing several case studies, the perceptions of usefulness of accruals information and the extent of the information used in reality tend to be very different in different cases. Both of the two researches conducted by Connolly and Hyndman (2006 and 2010), based on UK and RoI, showed that almost all the interviewees agreed that the accrual accounting information was limited used or even not used and helpless for decision making; and several â€Å"Operational Accountant† participants expressed the view that the very complicated process may be one of the leading factors. Nevertheless, the situations seem to be rather dissimilar in Australia and New Zealand, where more comprehensively accrual accounting have been adopted. Especially in New Zealand, a significant decrease, from about 52% of GDP to just above 10%, of net debt could be found after the reforms during 1992 to 2005 (Champoux, 2006). The differences of performance of implementation of accrual accounting may attribute to three main reasons, the extent of the whole reform involved, insufficient implementing time and relevant people lack of professional knowledge. One of the possible reasons for the success of New Zealand is that New Zealand was the first country which had completely implemented accrual accounting system at both national and agency level (Carlin, 2005). According to Lye and et al (2005), the reform process in New Zealand not only occurred in economic level, but also extended to a much broader aspects, such as simplifying the machinery of government and changing industrial relations. In contrast, the extent of reform in the other countries which were also implementing accrual based accounting system, like the UK and the USA, is in a rather surface degree. Furthermore, the politicians who were responsible for the reforms in those two countries were right- wing, and may always hold conservative attitude to the reforms (Lye and et al, 2005). However, a thorough reform could generate many benefits and potential advantages. Turning to the issue of implementing time, â€Å"Overseers† participants in the research of Connolly and Hyndman (2006) also typically emphasized that the ineffectiveness of utilization could be a result of being the early stages of the development, and some â€Å"Operational Accountant† also showed positive attitude to the future through time increasing. The process of implementing accrual accounting in the public sector takes far more than 1 or 2 years until the whole system working effectively and efficiently. According to previous experience, the process of fully implementing the new accounting system and necessary reforms will take about 8 to 10 years; and it may be take even longer in the UK case (Wynne, 2004). Upon this, it can be found that the process may take a relatively longer time than people used to expect before the benefit being realized. One other reason is that relevant staffs and managers are unqualified because of lack of professional accounting knowledge. It is commonly accepted that better insight information, such as more complete financial performance and position, which could reveal the features of operation of public sector may be provided by accrual accounting. However, those characteristics make the statements more difficult to understand, especially for people with inadequate accounting knowledge. Comparing to cash accounting, the information provided by cash accounting seems more easily to understand and more straightforward for the general public (CESifo, 2007 and FEE, 2006). Moreover, in Connolly and Hyndman’ s research (2006), both â€Å"Overseer† and â€Å"Operational Accountant† participants particularly complained that, mostly, their efforts, spending extra time to process the complex information, are useless, because the potential users are lack of relevant accounting skills. Several participates also believed that the majority of senior managers are not equipped with necessary accounting knowledge and do not have a strong desire to learn and adopt the new accounting system. Besides that, in another Connolly and Hyndman’s research (2010), according to reflection of politicians to the new accounting information, the interviewees believed that not only the senior managers, but also the politicians, who are essentially responsible for decision-making, had inadequate accounting knowledge and superficial level of understanding of accrual accounting system. However, if politicians do not have certain level of accounting knowledge, they will not be able to evaluate and act upon accrual statements (FEE, 2006). The following is a case in point. Wynne (2004, p10) states that â€Å"only 20% of ministries had a director of finance who was a professionally qualified accountant and not all these were members of the ministry’s management board† in the UK central government. In order to ensure implementation of accrual accounting more smoothly, several approaches could be taken to achieve that. Firstly, one of the most effective ways is providing more accessible accrual information for the public, for instance, summarizing the important information and presenting it without using specialized vocabulary. Secondly, it is vital to provide more training programmes, which teach practically useful accrual accounting knowledge, for both the staffs and managers. Finally, based on the New Zealand experience, it was found that a strong communication with politicians is an indispensable part in the implementation process. The politicians need to realize the potential value of which the accrual based accounting system can bring. Thus, practical strategies, such as illustrating the core concept and benefit of accrual accounting and providing key figures, which can show the features of accrual information, will be needed. (FEE, 2006) In conclusion, through analyzing and comparing several case studies of implementation of accrual accounting, it can be found that a significant number of countries had already started to implement accrual accounting and use accrual information in practice, and the number is still increasing. However, only minority of them realized the substantial benefits from the new accounting system. The reasons for this status can be vary, such as Insufficient implementing time and relevant people lack of professional knowledge mentioned above. Several possible solutions can be used to tackle those problems, but it can be more complicate in the real case; and some gaps still exist in understanding of the implications of use of accrual accounting in the public sector (Carlin, 2005). For this reason, further research based on each countries own circumstances is still needed. Moreover, it is also quite certain that for many countries there are still a number of barriers to be overcome before accrual accounting can be utilized to its full potential. List of references Ball, I. and et al. (1999). â€Å"Reforming Financial Management in the Public Sector: Lessons U.S. Officials Can Learn from New Zealand.† Policy Study No. 258. Reason Public Policy Institute. Carlin, T, M. (2005), â€Å"Debating the Impact of Accrual Accounting and Reporting in the Public Sector†, Financial Accountability Management, 21(3) Center for Economic Studies., the Ifo Institute. and the CESifo GmbH (CESifo). (2007). â€Å"Accrual Accounting in The Public Sector†, CESifo DICE Report, 5 (3), pp. 43-45 Connolly, C. and Hyndman, N. (2006), â€Å"The actual implementation of accruals accounting: Caveats from a case within the UK public sector†, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, [e-journal] 19 (2), pp. 272 – 290. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513570610656123 [Accessed 1 December 2012] Connolly, C. and Hyndman, N. (2010), â€Å"Accruals accounting in the public sector: A road not always taken†, Management Accountin g Research, 22 (1), pp. 36–45 Ellwood, S. and Newberry, S. (2007), â€Å"Public sector accrual accounting: institutionalising neo-liberal principles ? †. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, [e-journal] 20(4), pp. 549 – 573. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513570710762584 [Accessed 1 December 2012] Federation des Experts des Comtables Europeens (FEE). (2006), â€Å"Accrual Accounting for More Effective Public Policy†, paper of the FEE Public Sector Committee. Lye, J., Perera, H. and Rahman, A. (2005), â€Å"The evolution of accruals-based Crown (government) financial statements in New Zealand†, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, [e-journal] 18(6), pp. 784-815. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513570510627711 [Accessed 1 December 2012] Tiron-Todor, A. and Mutiu, A. (2005), â€Å"Cash versus Accrual Accounting in Public Sector†, Studia Universitatis Babes Bolyai Oeconomica 1990, available at SSRN: http//s srn.com/abstract=906813. [Accessed 1 December 2012] Wynne, A. (2004), â€Å"Is the Move to Accrual Based Accounting a Real Priority for Public Sector Accounting†, Public Fund Digest, [e-journal] 6(1) . Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1320219 [Accessed 1 December 2012]

Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829) :: Biographies Biography Lamarck Essays

Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829) Jean Baptiste Lamarck was one of the first people to propose a theory of evolution to the public. Although his ideas were not widely accepted they paved the way for others to do work in that field. Even before his work on evolution he did extensive work with invertebrates. His work on invertebrates inevitably led him to his theory of evolution. This theory was not accepted at his time and has since been proven wrong. The way he was raised and the institutions he attended gave him the opportunity to perform his work. BACKGROUND Jean Baptiste Lamarck was born in the village of Bazentin-le-Petit in northern France on August 1,1744. He was born into a military family as the youngest of eleven children. Around 1756 Lamarck joined a Jesuit seminary at Amiens, but left to join the French military after his fathers death in 1761. He remained in the army until illness forced him to leave in 1768. Not too long after leaving the army Lamarck started to study medicine and plants. (Waggoner 2) Lamarck took many excursions with Jean-Jacques Rousseau which led him to an interest in plants rather than medicine. (Weber 49) Ten years later he gained attention and notoriety from his book Flore Francaise, about the plants of France. He had the help of well known botanist Buffon on this book, which helped with his credibility. From this book he was given the position of assistant botanist at the royal botanical garden, the Jardin des Plantes. This position was not well paid and Lamarck was forced to live in pover ty. (Clifford 1) But in 1793 the Jardin des Plantes was reorganized to become the National Museum of Natural History. This museum was run by twelve professors in twelve different scientific fields. Lamarck was appointed to the professorship of the natural history of insects and worms. Lamarck later gave these organisms the term invertebrates. (Waggoner 1-2) WORK WITH INVERTEBRATES Lamarck knew nothing about the subject of invertebrates at this time in his life. Not many scientists did know anything about invertebrates. Some even included snakes and crocodiles in this classification. The name invertebrate did not even exist at this time, Lamarck coined the phrase after he had done his research. Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829) :: Biographies Biography Lamarck Essays Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829) Jean Baptiste Lamarck was one of the first people to propose a theory of evolution to the public. Although his ideas were not widely accepted they paved the way for others to do work in that field. Even before his work on evolution he did extensive work with invertebrates. His work on invertebrates inevitably led him to his theory of evolution. This theory was not accepted at his time and has since been proven wrong. The way he was raised and the institutions he attended gave him the opportunity to perform his work. BACKGROUND Jean Baptiste Lamarck was born in the village of Bazentin-le-Petit in northern France on August 1,1744. He was born into a military family as the youngest of eleven children. Around 1756 Lamarck joined a Jesuit seminary at Amiens, but left to join the French military after his fathers death in 1761. He remained in the army until illness forced him to leave in 1768. Not too long after leaving the army Lamarck started to study medicine and plants. (Waggoner 2) Lamarck took many excursions with Jean-Jacques Rousseau which led him to an interest in plants rather than medicine. (Weber 49) Ten years later he gained attention and notoriety from his book Flore Francaise, about the plants of France. He had the help of well known botanist Buffon on this book, which helped with his credibility. From this book he was given the position of assistant botanist at the royal botanical garden, the Jardin des Plantes. This position was not well paid and Lamarck was forced to live in pover ty. (Clifford 1) But in 1793 the Jardin des Plantes was reorganized to become the National Museum of Natural History. This museum was run by twelve professors in twelve different scientific fields. Lamarck was appointed to the professorship of the natural history of insects and worms. Lamarck later gave these organisms the term invertebrates. (Waggoner 1-2) WORK WITH INVERTEBRATES Lamarck knew nothing about the subject of invertebrates at this time in his life. Not many scientists did know anything about invertebrates. Some even included snakes and crocodiles in this classification. The name invertebrate did not even exist at this time, Lamarck coined the phrase after he had done his research.

Success and Failures of Low-Cost (Rdp) Housing Post- Apatheid.South Africa

Introduction According to Tonkin (2008), low –cost housing is dwelling units whose total housing costs are deemed affordable to a group of people within a specified income range, low cost housing includes social housing and low income housing. In South Africa these houses have been provided through the Reconstruction Development Program (RDP). Since 1994, the government has been implementing this program to address the housing backlog which is continuously increasing. The post-Apartheid has era has been enlightened by different successes and failures of low cost housing.Some of the successes include provision of housing to the poor at affordable rates and failures include that it promotes continuous segregation of people in accordance with economic class and race (Tonkin, 2008). The main purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss the successes and failures of low cost housing (RDP). The Successes of Low-Cost housing in Post-Apartheid Low cost housing has brought attentio n of excellence to South Africa by different countries in the world. South Africa has been classified as the world‘s leading country in relation to the provision of houses and its inspiration to eliminate informal settlements.Researchers have suggested that South Africa by 2011 had build-up 2 million houses for the poor. South Africa has been identified on the international arena as a country leading by example in relation to the initiatives it takes to provide low cost housing (Tonkin, 2008). Furthermore, Tonkin (2008) suggests that low-cost housing has managed to provide housing to the poor who could not afford housing on the market. The market forces could not provide for choice and selection for these people to have housing of their preferred choices. Low cost housing has played a role of making equitable selection for those who cannot afford housing.This has helped in improving the living conditions for these poor households. In addition, jobs have been created due to the low cost housing provision process. Low cost housing has played the role of job creation strategy. South Africa has been hit by massive unemployment rates since 1994, which has made most to survive on nothing, due to no shortage of employment opportunities (Tonkin, 2008). Moreover, Tonkin (2008) indicates that the historically black population, which has been supressed by the apartheid system, have been catered for, by low cost housing.Back under the apartheid blacks were not allowed to have accommodation especially in towns. Exclusionary zoning was the ordinance which dominated the housing allocation, favouring those with money and those who are racially deemed acceptable. Low cost housing has been a catalyst in addressing this issue. Lastly, low cost housing has made availability of cheap labour especially in areas, where low cost housing is located near heavy industries. The availability of the labour has made industries to operate on low cost strategies and help them utilize th eir resources more efficiently and effectively.In addition expenses for these industries reduce especially in relation to wage expenses (Tonkin, 2008). Failures of Low-Cost housing in Post-Apartheid On the other hand, Low cost housing has had its failures . One of the failures of low cost housing is that a small number of the population have benefited from the program. In South Africa a larger share of the total population lives in informal self-built houses. In reality low cost housing has failed to benefit large groups of people (Zhang, 2008).To add more, Zhang (2008) clarifies that low cost housing has even made lives of the poor to become more difficult, this is because the (RDP)s have been characterised by the issue of being of low quality. Reports have made variously about their lack of quality by occupiers. Some of the issues raised include that the roofs in some instances are always leaking when it rains, another issue has been of the material used which can be easily get da maged by wind or other elements of nature. Furthermore, low cost housing has been responsible for the failure to link efficiently and effectively people to employment areas (Zhang, 2008).Land near the central business district is mainly expensive, therefore cheaper land is found in the outskirts of towns and that’s where low cost housing is built. This has made people to travel longer distances to their employment areas, eventually people will be forced to fork out large sums of money. Tonkin (2008) has highlighted that most (RDP) houses have become residential dormitories because most beneficiaries choose to rent their homes and move back to informal settlements or other housing closer to work. In addition, Tonkin (2008) suggests that low cost hosing has een unable to create or provide integrated development. Segregation of the poor households still exists and in some racial segregation is also present. Therefore this perpetuates marginalisation of the poor and does not cont ribute to the compaction, integration and restructuring of the apartheid city (Zhang ,2008) This segregation has made South African cities to be identified as some of the least dense cities in the world and eventually in the end low cost housing does not allow mixed housing as an alternative solution.According to Zhang (2008), (RDP) housing in some instances has promoted violent clashes amongst different groups of low cost housing recipients, the main reason is that housing has not been adequately distributed effectively enough to cover the whole section of those who cannot afford it. Housing delivery process has been poor. It is estimated that the 2million+ houses which were built by the government, only offered accommodation to 5 million people out of the total of the total 12million people who have been identified to have no proper housing (Tonkin, 2008).In addition, the major part of the land where the houses for RDP are built was once used as mainly farm land (Zhang, 2008). Pro duction in the agriculture sector has been affected because land as a factor of production has been reduced. Food production has been affected by this move. The country has been forced to go through a lot of expenses to balance this situation. The use of genetically modified technologies which promote quick growth of food crops, in the same time being harmful to the human body have been adopted as options by the government (Tonkin, 2008).Low cost housing has been responsible for this effect in agriculture production. Moreover, low-cost housing has failed to leverage growth in the economy. The main reason is that government has been the main actor alone in the delivery and the private sector has only put in little effort. The Gross Domestic Product has not benefited much from the low cost housing, because of lack of investments and clarifications of the benefits of low cost housing entrepreneurship (Tonkin, 2008).Lastly, low cost housing has not been able to combat crime but rather h as promoted the rate of crime to increase (Zhang 2008). The main reason is that the services within the vicinity of the housing have not been distributed efficiently and effectively . Another cause of crime is that most people are overcrowded and do not have ways to sustain their lives. Statistics in South Africa suggest that areas associated with low cost housing are prone to crime and that’s were the highest crime rates are situated in the country (Tonkin, 2008). ConclusionIn a nutshell, low cost housing has been a controversial issue where it has been characterised by successes and failures. The main drawback which makes RDP housing to be a failure is the legacies of the post-apartheid system which hinder success. RDP housing has been helpful in providing accommodation for the poor and at the same time it has been of low quality making lives even difficult for the users. Reference page Guy, A 2000, The New South Africa, Macmillan Press, London. Tonkin, A 2008, Sustainable Medium Density Housing: A Resource Book, Development Action Group, Cape Town.Tonkin, A & Muthambi, L 2012, ‘’ Challenges for interest groups and their advocacy campaigns: The case of sustainable medium density housing† , in Thuynsma H A (ed. ), Public Opinion and Interest Groups Politics: South Africa’s Missing Links? , Africa Institute of South Africa, Pretoria. Watson, V 2002, Change and Community in Spatial Planning: Metropolitan planning in Cape Town under political transition, Routledge, London. Zhang, X Q 2008, Housing Finance System in South Africa, UN-HABITAT, Nairobi. Success and Failures of Low-Cost (Rdp) Housing Post- Apatheid.South Africa Introduction According to Tonkin (2008), low –cost housing is dwelling units whose total housing costs are deemed affordable to a group of people within a specified income range, low cost housing includes social housing and low income housing. In South Africa these houses have been provided through the Reconstruction Development Program (RDP). Since 1994, the government has been implementing this program to address the housing backlog which is continuously increasing. The post-Apartheid has era has been enlightened by different successes and failures of low cost housing.Some of the successes include provision of housing to the poor at affordable rates and failures include that it promotes continuous segregation of people in accordance with economic class and race (Tonkin, 2008). The main purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss the successes and failures of low cost housing (RDP). The Successes of Low-Cost housing in Post-Apartheid Low cost housing has brought attentio n of excellence to South Africa by different countries in the world. South Africa has been classified as the world‘s leading country in relation to the provision of houses and its inspiration to eliminate informal settlements.Researchers have suggested that South Africa by 2011 had build-up 2 million houses for the poor. South Africa has been identified on the international arena as a country leading by example in relation to the initiatives it takes to provide low cost housing (Tonkin, 2008). Furthermore, Tonkin (2008) suggests that low-cost housing has managed to provide housing to the poor who could not afford housing on the market. The market forces could not provide for choice and selection for these people to have housing of their preferred choices. Low cost housing has played a role of making equitable selection for those who cannot afford housing.This has helped in improving the living conditions for these poor households. In addition, jobs have been created due to the low cost housing provision process. Low cost housing has played the role of job creation strategy. South Africa has been hit by massive unemployment rates since 1994, which has made most to survive on nothing, due to no shortage of employment opportunities (Tonkin, 2008). Moreover, Tonkin (2008) indicates that the historically black population, which has been supressed by the apartheid system, have been catered for, by low cost housing.Back under the apartheid blacks were not allowed to have accommodation especially in towns. Exclusionary zoning was the ordinance which dominated the housing allocation, favouring those with money and those who are racially deemed acceptable. Low cost housing has been a catalyst in addressing this issue. Lastly, low cost housing has made availability of cheap labour especially in areas, where low cost housing is located near heavy industries. The availability of the labour has made industries to operate on low cost strategies and help them utilize th eir resources more efficiently and effectively.In addition expenses for these industries reduce especially in relation to wage expenses (Tonkin, 2008). Failures of Low-Cost housing in Post-Apartheid On the other hand, Low cost housing has had its failures . One of the failures of low cost housing is that a small number of the population have benefited from the program. In South Africa a larger share of the total population lives in informal self-built houses. In reality low cost housing has failed to benefit large groups of people (Zhang, 2008).To add more, Zhang (2008) clarifies that low cost housing has even made lives of the poor to become more difficult, this is because the (RDP)s have been characterised by the issue of being of low quality. Reports have made variously about their lack of quality by occupiers. Some of the issues raised include that the roofs in some instances are always leaking when it rains, another issue has been of the material used which can be easily get da maged by wind or other elements of nature. Furthermore, low cost housing has been responsible for the failure to link efficiently and effectively people to employment areas (Zhang, 2008).Land near the central business district is mainly expensive, therefore cheaper land is found in the outskirts of towns and that’s where low cost housing is built. This has made people to travel longer distances to their employment areas, eventually people will be forced to fork out large sums of money. Tonkin (2008) has highlighted that most (RDP) houses have become residential dormitories because most beneficiaries choose to rent their homes and move back to informal settlements or other housing closer to work. In addition, Tonkin (2008) suggests that low cost hosing has een unable to create or provide integrated development. Segregation of the poor households still exists and in some racial segregation is also present. Therefore this perpetuates marginalisation of the poor and does not cont ribute to the compaction, integration and restructuring of the apartheid city (Zhang ,2008) This segregation has made South African cities to be identified as some of the least dense cities in the world and eventually in the end low cost housing does not allow mixed housing as an alternative solution.According to Zhang (2008), (RDP) housing in some instances has promoted violent clashes amongst different groups of low cost housing recipients, the main reason is that housing has not been adequately distributed effectively enough to cover the whole section of those who cannot afford it. Housing delivery process has been poor. It is estimated that the 2million+ houses which were built by the government, only offered accommodation to 5 million people out of the total of the total 12million people who have been identified to have no proper housing (Tonkin, 2008).In addition, the major part of the land where the houses for RDP are built was once used as mainly farm land (Zhang, 2008). Pro duction in the agriculture sector has been affected because land as a factor of production has been reduced. Food production has been affected by this move. The country has been forced to go through a lot of expenses to balance this situation. The use of genetically modified technologies which promote quick growth of food crops, in the same time being harmful to the human body have been adopted as options by the government (Tonkin, 2008).Low cost housing has been responsible for this effect in agriculture production. Moreover, low-cost housing has failed to leverage growth in the economy. The main reason is that government has been the main actor alone in the delivery and the private sector has only put in little effort. The Gross Domestic Product has not benefited much from the low cost housing, because of lack of investments and clarifications of the benefits of low cost housing entrepreneurship (Tonkin, 2008).Lastly, low cost housing has not been able to combat crime but rather h as promoted the rate of crime to increase (Zhang 2008). The main reason is that the services within the vicinity of the housing have not been distributed efficiently and effectively . Another cause of crime is that most people are overcrowded and do not have ways to sustain their lives. Statistics in South Africa suggest that areas associated with low cost housing are prone to crime and that’s were the highest crime rates are situated in the country (Tonkin, 2008). ConclusionIn a nutshell, low cost housing has been a controversial issue where it has been characterised by successes and failures. The main drawback which makes RDP housing to be a failure is the legacies of the post-apartheid system which hinder success. RDP housing has been helpful in providing accommodation for the poor and at the same time it has been of low quality making lives even difficult for the users. Reference page Guy, A 2000, The New South Africa, Macmillan Press, London. Tonkin, A 2008, Sustainable Medium Density Housing: A Resource Book, Development Action Group, Cape Town.Tonkin, A & Muthambi, L 2012, ‘’ Challenges for interest groups and their advocacy campaigns: The case of sustainable medium density housing† , in Thuynsma H A (ed. ), Public Opinion and Interest Groups Politics: South Africa’s Missing Links? , Africa Institute of South Africa, Pretoria. Watson, V 2002, Change and Community in Spatial Planning: Metropolitan planning in Cape Town under political transition, Routledge, London. Zhang, X Q 2008, Housing Finance System in South Africa, UN-HABITAT, Nairobi.

The Decline Of Western Culture - 896 Words

Schaeffer Critique Purpose of Text and Intended Audience The purpose of the book is to discuss the decline of Western culture by analyzing history from his perspective from Rome to his present day (the 1970’s). Schaeffer (2005) presents the idea that to redeem society Christians must live as God desires and completely live by the Bible’s teachings of morals and values. The intended audience would be Christians, because the entire tone of the book comes from a Christian worldview. Although, non-believers may read the book, they may not glean insights from it like believers. Thesis and Bias Schaeffer’s (2005) thesis was on how we should live now by understanding our history and culture through philosophical, scientific, and religious knowledge. Throughout the book Schaeffer (2005) displays bias because the book is written from a Christian perspective. Therefore, the way history is presented is skewed due to his Christian intent. Theoretical Assumptions and Issues One of the first concepts Schaeffer (2005) explores in the book is the significance of peoples’ presuppositions of Western history. Schaeffer (2005) believes that everyone has presuppositions and that they are gained through our family, peers, and our culture. His issue is that Western Civilization is declining and tracing history can shed light on why and how we should live to reverse the effects (Schaeffer, 2005). Historical and Current Issues and Implications The book begins in Rome. Schaeffer (2005)Show MoreRelatedThe Early Middle Ages And Early Medieval Period Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagescrucial in the formation of modern government, philosophy, culture as well as many other aspects and qualities of society today. The late antiquity, the early middle ages and the early modern period were all named by historians to mark significant changes in politics, culture and spirituality. 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